A. Latar Belakang
Perubahan sosial adalah perubahan yang terjadi akibat adanya ketidaksesuaian di antara unsur-unsur yang saling berbeda yang ada dalam kehidupan social sehingga menghasilkan suatu pola kehidupan yang tidak serasi fungsinya bagi masyarakat yang bersangkutan. Perubahan kebudayaan adalah perubahan yang terjadi akibat adanya ketidaksesuaian di antara unsur-unsur kebudayaan yang saling berbeda sehingga tercapai keadaan yang tidak serasi fungsinya bagi kehidupan.

B. Masalah
Setiap masyarakat pasti mengalami perubahan. Perubahan social-budaya memiliki bentuk yang bermacam-macam, diantaranya perubahan dalam arti progress maupun regress, perubahan yang terjadi secara lambat maupun cepat, perubahan yang pengaruhnya kecil maupun yang pengaruhnya besar, dan perubahan yang dikehendaki dan direncanakan maupun yang tidak dikehendaki serta tidak direncanakan.
Proses yang mendorong terjadinya perubahan social budaya diantaranya adalah proses akulturasi, asimilasi, inovasi, dan proses difusi. Proses evoluasi sosial budaya merupakan proses perubahan social budaya yang terjadi dalam kecepatan waktu yang lambat yang mengarah pada keadaan yang lebih sempurna.
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BAB II
PEMBAHASAN

A. Dampak Perubahan Budaya Terhadap Kehidupan Masyarakat
Perubahan budaya berdampak pada segi-segi kehidupan masyarakat seperti berikut :
1. Dampak Positif Perubahan Budaya Terhadap Kehidupan Masyarakat
a. Perubahan terhadap nilai dan sikap
Inovasi dalam budaya dapat mengubah nilai dan sikap masyarakat
b. Disiplin nasional
Perubahan pola hidup dan pola kerja sekarang ini mendorong kalangan pemerintah, swasta, maupun masyarakat umum menggalakkan disiplin nasional.
c. Ilmu pengetahuan
Perubahan budaya merangsang masyarakat semakin memperkaya perbendaharaan pengetahuannya dari hari ke hari. Minat masyarakat terhadap ilmu pengetahuan semakin besar karena terbukti ilmu pengetahuan dapat mendorong masyarakat bertumbuh kearah kehidupan yang lebih baik.
d. Teknologi
Perubahan budaya mendorong masyarakat semakin banyak memanfaatkan teknologi dalam beraktivitas.
e. Bahasa
Perubahan pola hidup, pola kerja, dan pola komunikasi mendorong masyarakat dewasa ini menggunakan bahasa secara baik dan benar serta secara efektif dan efisien.
2. Dampak Negatif Perubahan
a. Gaya hidup kebarat-baratan
b. Hidup boros
c. Keresahan sosial
B. Respon Masyarakat Terhadap Perubahan Budaya
Respon masyarakat terhadap perubahan budaya bermacam-macam. Sebagian masyarakat menanggapi perubahan budaya secara positif. Dalam arti menerima perubahan yang terjadi.
Tanggapan masyarakat terhadap perubahan sering dituangkan dalam bentuk perilaku kolektif. Perilaku kolektif adalah perilaku yang muncul secara spontan, relative adalah perilaku yang muncul secara spaontan, relatif tidak teratur, cukup sulit diduga, dan tergantung pada rangsangan timbal balik yang muncul dalam kelompok.
Tema ketidakpuasan yang disampaikan lewat gerakan sosial bermacam-macam. Tetapi yang cukup sering terdengar adalah tema-tema berikut :
a. Ketidakpuasan terhadap system
b. Ketidakpuasan terhadap nilai-nilai budaya
c. Ketidakpuasan terhadap sikap masyarakat
d. Ketidakpuasan terhadap lembaga-lembaga kemasyarakatan
Ada bermacam-macam bentuk gerakan sosial, diantaranya sebagai berikut:
a. Gerakan perpindahan
Salah satu gerakan perpindahan yang sering terjadi bahan pengamatan pakar ilmu social adalah gerakan perpindahan social ( migratory social movement).
b. Gerakan ekspresif
Melalui gerakan ekspresif, anggota masyarakat mengubahn reaksi mereka terhadap kenyataan, buka berupaya mengubah kenyatan itu sendiri.
c. Gerakan utopia
Gerakan semacam ini merupakan upaya untuk menciptakan suatu masyarakat sejahtera dalam skala kecil.
d. Gerakan reformasi
Gerakan ini merupakan upaya memajukan masyarakat tanpa banyak mengubah struktur dasarnya.

C. Proses Penetrasi Kebudayaan
Penetrasi kebudayaan adalah proses masuknya unsur-unsur kebudayaan dari masyarakat luar ke dalam suatu masyarakat.
1. Penetrasi secara damai (Penetration Pacifique)
Penetrasi secara damai adalah masuknya unsur-unsur kebudayaan asing kedalam suatu masyarakat secara damai tanpa disengaja, serta tanpa paksaan.
2. Penetasi dengan cara kekerasan (Penetration Violente)
Penetrasi dengan cara kekerasan adalah masuknya unsur-unsur kebudayaan asing kedalam suatu masyarakat dengan cara paksaan.
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BAB III
PENUTUP

A. Kesimpulan
Perubahan sosial-budaya berdampak positif maupun negatif pada masyarakat. Perubahan social-budaya bedampak positif pada segi-segi kehidupan masyarakat seperti : nilai dan sikap disiplin nasional, ilmu pengetahuan, teknologi, serta bahasa. Dampak negatif perubahan social-budaya terhadap kehidupan masyarakat antar lain : berkembangnya gaya hidup kebarat-baratan, meningkatnya konsumerisme, dan timbulnya keresahan social.

B. Saran
Dalam makalah ini saya menyadari bahwa dalam pembuatan atau cara penulisannya masih jauh dari kesempurnaan, maka dengan kerendahan hati, saya menerima segala masukan dan saran guna penyempurnaan makalah ini.

A. Latar Belakang
Kopi merupakan salah satu komoditas ekspor yang memberikan devisa Negara cukup tinggi. Sebagian besar kopi diusahakan oleh perkebunan rakyat. Tingginya minat petani untuk menanam kopi memang beralsan. Budidaya tanaman kopi cukup mudah, tanpa perawatan yang intensif pun tanaman ini telah hamper diseluruh daratan Indonesia. Namun untuk menghasilkan kopi yang bermutu baik dan mendapatkan harga tinggi pasaran dunia diperlukan pengetahuan mengenai seluk beluk kopi.
Nama kopi (Coffea SPP) sebagai bahan minuman sudah tidak asing lagi. Aroma harum, rasa khas nikmat, serta khasiatnya yang menyegarkan badan membuat kopi cukup akrab dilidah dan banyak digemari penggemarnya bukan saja bangsa Indonesia tetapi juga berbagai bangsa diseluruh dunia.

B. Pengertian
Kopi adalah spesies tanaman berbentuk pohon yang termasuk dalam family rubiaceae dan genus coffea. Tanaman ini tumbuh tegak, bercabang dan tingginya dapat mencapai 12m. Daunnya bulat telur dengan ujung agak meruncing. Daun tumbuh berhadapan pada batang-batang, cabang, dan ranting.

C. Tujuan
Kopi merupakan salah satu tanaman yang dihasilkan oleh masyarakat atau petani Indonesia. Tanaman kopi banyak dikembangkan atau ditanam oleh rakyat, untuk itu diperlukan pengetahuan yang lebih supaya dapat menghasilkan tanaman yang baik dan cara pengolahan yang baik, sehingga menghasilkan kopi yang bermutu tinggi. Sehingga diperlukan tujuan dasar pengolahan kopi :
1. Memberi kesempatan pada mahasiswa untuk menerapkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan yang diterima selama dibangku kuliah.
2. Melatih dan mengembangkan pengetahuan setiap mahasiswa
3. Memberi kesempatan kepada mahasiswa untuk belajar menangani penanganan pasca panen.
4. Member motivasi kepada setiap mahasiswa, untuk mengetahui lebih lanjut cara penanganan pasca panen.
5. Melatih setiap mahasiswa untuk mengenal dan mengetahui bagaimana cara dan penanganannya saat buah setelah dipanen.

D. Sejarah Pekembangan Kopi
Hingga saat ini belum diketahui dengan pasti sejak kapan tanaman kopi dikenal dan masuk ke peradaban manusia. Menurut catatan sejarah, tanaman ini mulai dikenal di benua Afrika, tepatnya di Etiopia. Pada mulanya, tanaman kopi belum dibudidayakan secara sempurna oleh penduduk, melainkan masih tumbuh liar di hutan-hutan dataran tinggi.
Minuman kopi sangat digemari oleh bangsa Etiopia dan Abessinia karena berkhasiat menyegarkan badan. Oleh karena itu, ketika mereka mengembara ke wilayah-wilayah lain, buah kopi juga ikut dibawa dan tersebar, antara lain ke negara-negara Arab, Persia (sekarang Irak), hingga Yaman.
Mula-mula penyebaran kopi ke berbagai wilayah cukup lambat. Hal ini dikarenakan pada waktu itu minuman kopi hanya dikenal sebagai minuman berkhasiat menyegarkan badan, terbuat dari cairan daun dan buah segar yang diseduh air panas. Namun, sejak ditemukan cara pengolahan buah kopi yang lebih baik, selain berkhasiat, minuman kopi juga beraroma harum khas dan rasanya nikmat. Dengan demikian, kopi pun menjadi terkenal hingga tersebar ke berbagai negara di Eropa, Asia, dan Amerika.
Biji kopi mengandung kafein yang dapat merangsang kerja jantung dan otak sehingga sebagian orang tidak tahan minum kopi. Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut dan dalam rangka meningkatkan konsumsi kopi dunia, telah ditemukan cara pengolahan biji kopi yang dapat menghilangkan kandungan kafein tanpa mengurangi aroma dan rasa khas kopi. Hasilnya adalah minuman kopi yang harum, nikmat, dan tidak merangsang.
Di Indonesia, tanaman kopi diperkenalkan pertama kali oleh VOC antara tahun 1696 – 1699. Awalnya, penanaman kopi hanya bersifat coba-coba (penelitian). Namun, karena hasilnya memuaskan dan dipandang cukup menguntungkan sebagai komoditas perdagangan maka VOC menyebarkan bibit kopi ke berbagai daerah agar penduduk dapat menanamnya. Kemudian, perkebunan besar pun didirikan dan akhirnya tanaman kopi tersebar ke daerah Lampung, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Utara, Sumatera Selatan, dan daerah lain di Indonesia.
Perkembangan kopi di Indonesia pernah mengalami goncangan. Pada tahun 1876 terjadi ledakan penyakit berbahaya Hemelia vastatrix (HV) yang menyerang daun. Kemudian, VOC men-datangkan kopi liberika dan robusta yang diharapkan lebih tahan terhadap penyakit HV. Namun, saat ini diketahui bahwa liberika juga mudah terserang penyakit HV.
Persilangan beberapa varietas kopi arabika, liberika, dan robusta menghasilkan keturunan yang mempunyai sifat agak berbeda dengan induknya. Varietas yang dihasilkan dinamakan varietas lokal sesuai tempat terbentuknya.

E. Prosper Komoditas Kopi
Bagi petani, kopi bukan hanya sekadar minuman segar dan berkhasiat, tetapi juga mempunyai arti ekonomi yang cukup penting. Sejak puluhan tahun yang lalu, kopi telah menjadi sumber pendapatan bagi para petani. Tanpa pemeliharaan intensif pun, produksi kopi yang dihasilkan cukup lumayan untuk menambah penghasilan. Apalagi bila pemeliharaan dan pengolahannya cukup baik, pasti usaha ini mendatangkan keuntungan berlipat ganda.
Bagi bangsa Indonesia, kopi merupakan salah satu komoditas penting. Pada tahun 1981 dihasilkan devisa sebesar US$ 347,8 juta dari ekspor kopi sebesar 210.800 ton. Nilai ini terus meningkat dari tahun ke tahun. Tercatat pada tahun 2001, komoditas kopi mampu menghasilkan devisa sebesar US$ 595,7 juta dan menduduki peringkat pertama di antara komoditas ekspor subsektor perkebunan. Namun, produksi kopi Indonesia mengalami penurunan dari tahun 2001 (390.000 ton) hingga tahun 2004 (300.000 ton). Salah satu penyebabnya adalah kurangnya perawatan lahan dan frekuensi pemupukan yang menurun. Padahal, jika petani menginginkan hasil yang maksimal, setidaknya pemupukan dilakukan dua kali/tahun. Penurunan frekuensi pemupukan ini dikarenakan ketidakmampuan petani untuk membeli pupuk akibat dari harga jual kopi anjlok. Kondisi ini diperparah dengan rendahnya mutu kopi yang dihasilkan oleh perkebunan rakyat. Oleh karena itu, agar harga kopi Indonesia mendapatkan nilai yang tinggi di pasar dunia maka mutu kopi yang dihasilkan harus ditingkatkan.
TABEL I. EKSPOR KOPI INDONESIA
Tahun Ekspor Votunw (ton) Nilai (juta USD
1998 363 615,8
1999 358 488,8
2000 345,6 339,9
2001 254,8 203,5
2002 322,5 218,8
2003*) 229,7 155,8
Sumber: Litbang Kompas diotah dari Data Consult, 2004
TABEL 2. PRODUKSI KOPI INDONESIA 1998 – 2004
Tahun Total Produksi (ton)
1998/1999 420.000
1999/2000 370.000
2000/2001 390.000
2001/2002 380.000
2002/2003 360.000
2003/2004 350.000
Sumber: Litbang Kompas diolah dari Data Consult, 2004

Selain sebagai komoditas ekspor, kopi juga merupakan komoditas yang banyak dikonsumsi di dalam negeri. Menurut survei yang dilakukan oleh Departemen Pertanian, rata-rata penduduk Indonesia mengonsumsi kopi sebanyak 0,5—0,7 kg/orang/tahun. Dengan demikian, bila jumlah penduduk Indonesia sekitar 214,4 juta (tahun 2003) maka diperkirakan setiap tahun diperlukan stok kopi sebanyak 107.200—150.080 ton kopi untuk keperluan konsumsi dalam negeri.

F. Peningkatan Mutu Kopi
Bila dilihat dari devisa dan jumlah kopi yang dikonsumsi di dalam negeri, tampaknya prospek kopi cukup menggembirakan. Namun, perdagangan kopi di Indonesia memiliki kendala cukup berat. Hingga saat ini produksi kopi Indonesia masih tersisa setiap tahunnya.
Pada tahun 1985 dengan total produksi sebesar 325.000 ton, masih tersisa produksi sebesar 34.400 ton, sedangkan pada akhir tahun 2003 sisa produksi diperkirakan mencapai 10.700 ton. Berbagai usaha untuk mengatasi sisa produksi kopi telah dilakukan oleh pemerintah maupun berbagai pihak terkait, antara lain dengan cara merangsang peningkatan konsumsi dalam negeri maupun peningkatan nilai ekspor.
Usaha peningkatan nilai ekspor hingga saat ini masih menemui hambatan karena umumnya kopi Indonesia bermutu rendah. Rendahnya mutu kopi Indonesia menyebabkan harga yang diterima petani rendah. Selisih harga kopi arabika bermutu II dengan bermutu VI misalnya mencapai US$ 1,1/kg atau sekitar Rp 9.000,00/kg. Bila setiap hektar bisa menghasilkan kopi sebanyak 750 kg/tahun maka kerugian akibat rendahnya mutu kopi bisa mencapai Rp 6.750.000,00/ha/tahun.
Selain berpengaruh terhadap harga, mutu kopi yang rendah juga berpengaruh terhadap kemudahan menembus pasar internasional karena biasanya negara-negara pengimpor menghendaki kopi berkualitas tinggi. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, pemerintah menetapkan kebijakan yang menekankan pada peningkatan mutu (kualitas) kopi dan membatasi meluasnya areal kopi selain arabika. Dengan kebijakan ini, diharapkan harga dan jumlah ekspor kopi meningkat.
Lebih dari 90% tanaman kopi di Indonesia diusahakan oleh rakyat. Umumnya, tanaman kopi rakyat sudah berumur cukup tua sehingga tidak produktif lagi. Penerapan teknologi yang digunakan pun masih sangat sederhana. Tidak heran bila produksi dan mutunya sangat rendah. Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut maka langkah yang perlu ditempuh oleh petani sebagai berikut.
1. Mengembangkan varietas kopi arabika unggul pada lahan yang sesuai.
2. Mengganti tanaman tua dengan tanaman muda varietas unggul yang dianjurkan (peremajaan).
3. Menerapkan teknik budi daya yang benar, baik sistem penanam-an, pemangkasan, pemupukan, pengendalian hama dan penyakit, maupun pengaturan naungan.
4. Menerapkan sistem pemanenan dan pengolahan yang benar, baik cara pemetikan, pengolahan, pengeringan, maupun sortasi.

1. Mengisi kolom identifikasi
Pengembang silabus mengisi informasi yang terkait dengan identitas silabus.

2. Mengkaji standar kompetensi
Kegiatan mengkaji standar kompetensi mata pelajaran dilakukan dengan memperhatikan:
a. urutan berdasarkan hierarki konsep disiplin ilmu dan/atau tingkat kesulitan materi;
b. keterkaitan antarstandar kompetensi dan kompetensi dasar dalam mata pelajaran; serta
c. keterkaitan standar kompetensi dan kompetensi dasar antarmata pelajaran.

3. Mengkaji kompetensi dasar
Kajian terhadap kompetensi dasar mata pelajaran dilakukan dengan memperhatikan hal-hal yang tersaji pada nomor 2 Mengkaji kompetensi dasar.

4. Mengidentifikasi Materi Pokok
Mengidentifikasi materi pokok dilakukan dengan mempertimbangkan:
a. tingkat perkembangan fisik, intelektual, emosional, sosial, dan spritual peserta didik;
b. kebermanfaatan bagi peserta didik;
c. struktur keilmuan;
d. kedalaman dan keluasan materi;
e. relevansi dengan kebutuhan peserta didik dan tuntutan lingkungan; serta
f. alokasi waktu.

5. Mengembangkan Pengalaman Belajar
Langkah ini dilakukan dengan memperhatikan rambu-rambu berikut.
a. Pendekatan pembelajaran yang bervariasi dan mengaktifkan peserta didik.
b. Memuat kecakapan hidup yang perlu dikuasai peserta didik.
c. Rumusannya mencerminkan pengelolaan pengalaman belajar peserta didik.
d.
6. Merumuskan Indikator
Langkah ini dilakukan dengan memperhatikan rambu-rambu berikut.
a. Indikator merupakan penjabaran dari KD yang menunjukkan tanda-tanda, perbuatan dan/atau respon yang dilakukan atau ditampilkan oleh peserta didik.
b. Indikator dikembangkan sesuai dengan karakteristik satuan pendidikan, potensi daerah dan peserta didik.
c. Rumusannya menggunakan kerja operasional yang terukur dan/atau dapat diobservasi.
d. Digunakan sebagai dasar untuk menyusun alat penilaian.

7. Menentukan Jenis Penilaian
Penilaian dilakukan dengan menggunakan tes dan nontes dalam bentuk tertulis maupun lisan, pengamatan kinerja, sikap, penilaian hasil karya berupa proyek atau produk, penggunaan portofolio, dan penilaian

8. Menentukan Alokasi Waktu
a. a. Penentuan alokasi waktu pada setiap kompetensi dasar didasarkan pada jumlah minggu efektif dan alokasi waktu mata pelajaran per minggu dengan mempertimbangkan jumlah kompetensi dasar, keluasan, kedalaman, tingkat kesulitan, dan tingkat kepentingan kompetensi dasar.
b. Alokasi waktu yang dicantumkan dalam silabus merupakan perkiraan waktu yang dibutuhkan oleh peserta didik untuk menguasai kompetensi dasar.

9. Menentukan Sumber Belajar
a. Sumber belajar adalah rujukan, objek dan/atau bahan yang digunakan untuk kegiatan pembelajaran.
b. Sumber belajar dapat berupa media cetak dan elektronik, nara sumber, serta lingkungan fisik, alam, sosial, dan budaya.
c. Penentuan sumber belajar didasarkan pada standar kompetensi dan kompetensi dasar serta materi pokok, kegiatan pembelajaran, dan indikator pencapaian kompetensi.
Pengembangan silabus berkelanjutan dilakukan dengan cara berikut.
a. Dijabarkan ke dalam rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran
b. Dilaksanakan, dievaluasi, dan ditindaklanjuti oleh masing-masing guru
c. Dikaji dan dikembangkan secara berkelanjutan dengan memperhatikan masukan hasil evaluasi hasil belajar, evaluasi proses (pelaksanaan pembelajaran),dan evaluasi rencana pembelajaran.

Pembuatan silabus sebenanya tidak berdiri sendiri dalam perencanaan pembelajaran secara utuh yang dibuat oleh guru, bahwa pembutan silabus dimulai dari pemetaan kompetensi dasar, penetapan minggu efektif, pembuatan program tahunan (Prota), program semester (Promes), baru membuat silabus. Untuk memberi gambaran utuh perencanaan, Anda dapat membaca ulasan berikut.

1. Program Tahunan (Prota)
Prota adalah rancangan kegiatan belajar mengajar secara garis besar yang dibuat dalam jangka waktu satu tahun dengan memperhatikan analisis kurikulum beserta perhitungan pekan efektif. Prota disusun dengan langkah berikut.
a. Mengidentifikasi jumlah kompetensi dasar dan indikator dalam satu tahun.
b. Mengidentifikasi keluasan dan kedalaman kompetensi dasar dan indikator
c. Melakukan pemetaan kompetensi dasar untuk tiap semester
d. Menentukan alokasi waktu untuk masing-masing kompetensi dengan memperhatikan pekan efektif

2. Pemetaan kompetensi dasar
Pemetaan kompetensi dimaksudkan untuk mengurutkan pencapaian kompetensi dalam satu tahun. Hal ini dilakukan dengan mempertimbangkan beberapa hal. Pertimbangan itu tercermin dari prinsip pemetaan kompetensi, yaitu: (1) urgensi, (2) tingkat kesulitan, (3) kompetensi dasar dalam satu siklus kegiatan, (4) kemampuan prasyarat, (5) kedekatan budaya/kebiasaan, dsb.
Format pemetaan dapat menggunakan contoh di bawah ini.

3. Minggu Efektif
Setelah kompetensi dasar dipetakan, selanjutnya menghitung minggu efektif. Minggu efektif adalah hitungan hari-hari efektif yang ada pada tahun pelajaran berlangsung. Penghitungan ini dimaksudkan untuk melihat realisasi ketersediaan waktu dalam satu tahun. Minggu efektif dihitung dengan cara berikut.
a. Menentukan jumlah minggu selama satu tahun.
b. Menghitung jumlah minggu tidak efektif selama satu tahun.ng baik
c. Menghitung jumlah minggu efektif dengan cara jumlah minggu dalam satu tahun dikurangi jumlah minggu tidak efektif.
d. Menghitung jumlah jam efektif selama satu tahun dengan cara jumlah minggu efektif dikali jumlah jam pelajaran per minggu

untuk contoh dan kelanjutannya saya lanjutkan di postingan yang akan datang…selamat menjadi guru yang baik dan benar…

CONCEPT SERVICES
• The product is the output (output) of a process in the form of goods and services
• Customers are anyone who is affected by the product or service process
o internal customer is a member organization that produces products
o external customers are those who have been affected by the product, but not a member of the organization that is producing the product.
o The term Customer in English is the Customer
PRIMA CUSTOMER SERVICE STRATEGY
• Customer Defined Quality (Quality Customer Oriented)
• User Partnership (the Partnership Customer Supplier)
• Stress continuous Improvement (Emphasize Continuous Improvement)
• Top Management Commitment (Commitment Management Peak)
• Aligned With Business Objectives (goals Adjusted to Business)
• Measurement (Measurement)
• Employee Involvement (Involvement of Employees)
• Reward And Recognition (Reply Service in recognition)

PROCESS SERVICE
Activities that produce a product, a form of ministry, then given to the customer
Incoming mail service examples:
o The letter received by officers
o Letter sorted (separated)
o The letter received a letter later scribe recorded in agenda book or card control
o Letters sent to the referring letter
o The letter distributed to the organizational unit in accordance with the address stated in the letter “processing unit”
o The letter received by the processing unit
PROMISE SERVICES (Service Offering)
Service is a process of interaction between the buyer (customer) and sellers (service providers).
Services include a variety of forms.
Services offered is a “promise” of giving service to customers who must be fulfilled, so that customers are satisfied
Accessibility SERVICES
Depends on:
• The number and skills of employees
• Hours of work and time to service
• office location, office, place of sale, etc.
• The exterior of the office, work space, where sales, etc.
• Tools, equipment, documentation, etc.
• Knowledge of customers jointly involved in the process of
• Interaction with service provider organizations
• Participation customers
• Submitting a complaint mechanism
SERVICE PRINCIPLES OF PRIMA
• Creating a positive image in the eyes of the customer
o Developing a positive self-image
o Trying to understand first, and understand
o Focus on customer
o Provide efficient service
o Improve feeling of self-worth customers
o Cultivate a good relationship with customers
o It can determine what the customer wants
o Divert service to others
o Knowing the character of the customer

1. Building a Positive Self Image in the Eyes Customers
o The importance of initial impression
o A good initial approach
o Do not make others wait
o Greet by name
o Always be friendly
o Looking at her eyes at the time to speak
o Smiling to your heart to be happy
o Glad that can display the beam
o Speak clearly, with words that customers understood
o Avoid the burden of thinking that causes the customer’s attention divided

2. Trying to Understand What’s the past, the New Understood
o If a customer comes to your assistance, should not be all-knowing or as though it was understood in advance what customers want
o Approach customers and be prepared to listen
o Do not be preoccupied with other activities, so impressed with your attention divided

3. Focus on Customers
o Listen attentively, do not interrupt
o Watch your posture, to act calm and relaxed
o Looking at the customer’s eyes when talking
o Note the facial expressions, try to always smile
o Respond to the conversation when customers expect your response
o Keep the tone not too low (less confident) or too high (frustration, emotion)
o Place the number one customer interest and co-workers or bosses at the next priority, when it is serving the customer

4. Providing efficient services
o serve the next customer immediately after they finish with that one
o Spend time as accurately as possible
o Talking to customers as needed
o Planning what to do next
o Follow-up services to complete
o Respond to customer questions in a brief, precise, fast, and not long-winded

5. Improve Customer Self-Esteem Feelings
o Recognizes the customer’s presence immediately
o Always use the customer’s name as often as possible
o No patronizing customers, however clever you are
o Praise with sincerity and rewards to customers
o Treat customers as adults
6. Good Relationships with Customers

o Listen to what the customers without cutting the conversation
o Demonstrate sympathy and spoke with great feeling, to show that you understand and understand the feelings of customers
o allowing customers to respond and try to solve the problem
7. Can understand and fulfill customer desire
o Ask the customer what they want
o Repeating back what the customer wants, then pull the core of what he said
o Meet customer’s expectations match

8. Transferring Service to Others
o When customers ask for services outside your abilities, please switch the service to someone more capable. The transfer of the shows that your organization has been working with professional
o Once you know the customer wants to explain to her, apologizing that you are not able to serve him, and someone else would be better served
o It should also be explained in front of people who want to replace you. Introduce the person to the customer.

9. Know Your Customer Character
• Customers who Silencing
How to deal with the silent customer:
o Deal with the suave and caring
o If the customer as if he were thinking about something, officers do not ask many questions, just ask questions that can draw attention to the products offered
o If customers find difficulty in speaking (stammering), officers should be used only
B. Customers who No Patience
How to deal with impatient customers:
o Asking for forgiveness for the delay in service
o Tell him that he will be assisted as much as possible and as soon as possible
o quickly and efficiently handle the situation and if necessary to calm the customer
o Saying thank you that the customer is still willing to wait
o Saying thank you once again to the customer and again apologize for the inconvenience in the service
C. Many customers Talk
How to deal with a lot of customers say:
o Provide greeting his arrival
o Offer help needed
o If the customer was still talking, switch your attention to things that are offered with sufficient explanation
o Offering assistance and praised the greatness talk
o If you need to give a compliment once in a while
o If berondongkan praise seemed to work, offering products
o Customers of this type of love to get attention, get the address and phone number

D. Customers who argue Nice / Refutes
How to deal with customers who debater:
o no reaction when the guilty customer. The reaction will cause a prolonged discussion.
o Be calm and not be goaded into anger.
o Limit the conversation to the problems encountered, do not stray from the subject.
o rational argument. If the customer is calm, just beginning to provide services.
o Repeating the arguments for reminder, if the customer back with his opinion insisted, should not be goaded into an argument.
o Finding the weakness of the argument and show customers mistake to calm customers.
PRIMA SERVICES form
Service paradigm shift
Paradigm is a set of assumptions or assumptions that allows one to create their own reality (Tjiptono, 1997).
New paradigm in the management called Total Quality Management (Integrated Quality Management) developed by W. Edwards Deming (Gaspersz, 1970)
At first, TQM is applied in the business world. Because of its success, the government then tried to apply primarily in the service of society.
SUCCESS CRITERIA APPLICATION OF TQM

(Tjiptono, 1997)
• Focusing on customers
• Taking into account the desired quality of customer
• Do’s scientific approach, especially for product design and process
• Has a long-term commitment for TQM requires a process of cultural formation of work
• There is cooperation and team building good relations between the apparatus and with outsiders
• There are ongoing efforts to improve the system
• Held training and education, because in principle apply TQM continuous learning

Referring SERVICES

CUSTOMER SATISFACTION IN (CUSTOMER SATISFACTION)
Definition of Satisfaction is the level of one’s feelings after comparing the performance (results) are perceived with hope
o If the performance below expectations, the customer will be disappointed
o If performance expectations, customers will be satisfied
o If performance exceeds expectations, customers will be very satisfied
Public expectations of service
• The longer the better (better)
• The longer and faster (faster)
• The longer the more updated (newer)
• The more and more expensive (cheaper), and
• The more and more simple (more simple)

Service in English is called Service
Some experts on the Ministry Prima processing service said that more meaningful
Catherine DeVrye (1997) word processing service
Being Seven Simple Strategies to Success
SEVEN SIMPLE STRATEGY TO SUCCESS
• Self Esteem (Giving Value in Yourself)
• Exceed Expectations (Exceeding Customer Expectations)
• Recover (Seize Back)
• Vision (Vision)
• Improve (To Increase Repair)
• Care (Giving Attention)
• Empower (Empowerment)

PRIMA SERVICE PURPOSE
• Customer satisfaction is the primary goal prime services.

• Each ministry officials are obliged to attempt to satisfy customers.

• Customer satisfaction can be achieved if the service personnel to know who its customers, both customers internal and external customers.

• By knowing who its customers, then the apparatus will be able to identify the waiter what the customer wants.
PRIMA SERVICE QUALITY
Putting the concept of Customer Interest
• Service with a vengeance
• Cultural Services Prima
• Service Attitude Prima
Personal Touch Service • Prima
• Services In accordance with the Personal Prima Prima
Personal traits a person has a prima
• Shown friendly
• Shown polite and respectful
• Shown sure
• Show tidy
• Show cheerful
• Glad to forgive
• Nice mix
• Senag learn from others
• Glad to fairness
• Glad to please others

PRIMA SERVICE INDICATORS
Service joints according to Decree of State Minister of Administrative Reform (MENPAN) No. 81/1993
• Simplicity in the sense that the procedure / service procedures
• Clarity and certainty of clarity and certainty
o Procedures / procedures;
o requirements, both technical and administrative;
o Unit of work or the official in charge;
o Details of fees / tariffs of public service and payment procedures;
o Schedule of public service turnaround time;
o Rights and obligations of providers and recipients of public services;
o The official who receives complaints when there is dissatisfaction with the service.

Security, in the sense that the process and results of public services can provide safety, comfort and can provide legal certainty.
• Openness, in terms of procedures / ordinances, requirements, etc., associated with the process of public service shall be informed in the open so easily known and understood by society, whether requested or not requested.
• Efficient, in the sense of public service requirements is limited to matters directly related to public services products provided and prevented a repetition of the completeness of requirements.
• Economics, in the sense that the imposition of fees must be set properly and do not require high cost out of the ordinary, considering the community and the ability to pay in general.
• equitable justice, in the sense of the scope / coverage of public services should be sought as widely as possible with the equitable distribution of and treated fairly.
• Timeliness, in terms of implementation of public services can be completed in a given time.
The assertion by the Government Circular Coordinating WASBANGPAN No.56/MK.WASPAn/6/98, about the continuation of the improvement systems and procedures, the core:
• Take corrective measures the quality of public services such as:
o Publishes service guidelines
o Placing the officer to check the completeness of the application pesyaratan
o Complete the application service in accordance with the stipulated time limit
Cause Factors Customer Dissatisfaction
According to Morgan (1996), customers become frustrated due to:
o Not a hope
Disappointed at one o
o Fatigue, stress or frustration
o Being a victim
o Feel no one hears
o Feeling self-righteous
o Feeling ignored
o Feeling tricked
o Feeling unwelcome
o Having an unpleasant response
o Doubtful integrity and honesty officers
Serving tips Angry Customer
Tips that can be used to handle disgruntled customers:
o Treat customers with serious
o Treat customers with respect
o Resolving customer complaints immediately
o Provide compensation / restitution to the Customer
o Customers will get justice treatment
o clarify the problem so that Customer does not happen again
o Listening to customer complaints
CLOSING
Success in prime services requires an integrated approach between the Top Management, Middle Management and Lower Management that provide services to the community based on principles: simplicity, clarity and certainty, Security, Openness, Efficiency, Economy, Justice of distribution, Punctuality.

THE ATTITUDE “OBJECT”
The word object in our consumer-oriented definition of attitude should be interpreted broadly to include specific consumption- or marketing-related concepts, such as product, product category brand, service, possessions, product use, causes or issues people, advertisement, Internet site, price, medium, or retailer. . .
In conducting attitude research, we tend to be object-specific. For example, if we were interested in learning consumers’ attitudes toward three major brands of cellular telephones, our “object” might include Motorola, Ericsson, and Nokia; if we were examining consumer attitudes toward major brands of laptop computers, our “object might include IBM, Toshiba, Compaq, Sony, Dell, and Hitachi.
ATTITUDES ARE A LEARNED PREDISPOSITION
There is general agreement that attitudes are learned. This means that attitudes rel¬evant to purchase behavior are formed as a result of direct experience with the prod¬uct, word-of-mouth information acquired from others, or exposure to mass-media advertising, the Internet, and various forms of direct marketing (such as a retailer’s catalog). It is important to remember that whereas attitudes may result from behav¬ior, they are not synonymous with behavior. Instead, they reflect either a favorable or an unfavorable evaluation of the attitude object. As learned predispositions, atti¬tudes have a motivational quality; that is, they might propel a consumer toward a particular behavior or repel the consumer away from a particular behavior.
ATTITUDES HAVE CONSISTENCY
Another characteristic of attitudes is that they are relatively consistent with the behavior they reflect. However, despite their consistency, attitudes are not necessary permanent; they do change. (Attitude change is explored later in this chapter.)
It is important to illustrate what we mean by consistency. Normally, we expect’ consumers’ behavior to correspond with their attitudes. For example, if a Dutch consumer reported preferring German over Japanese automobiles, we would expect that the individual would be more likely to buy a German car when next in the mar¬ket for a new car. In other words, when consumers are free to act as they wish, we anticipate that their actions will be consistent with their attitudes. However, circum¬stances often preclude consistency between attitudes and behavior For example, in the case of bur Dutch consumer, the matter of affordability may intervene, and the consumer would find a particular Japanese car to be a more realistic choice than a German car. Therefore, we must consider possible situational influences on con¬sumer attitudes and behavior.
ATTITUDES OCCUR WITHIN A SITUATION
It is not immediately evident from our definition that attitudes occur within and are affected by the situation. By situation, we mean events or circumstances that, at a par¬ticular point in time, influence the relationship between an attitude and behavior. A specific situation can cause consumers to behave in ways that are seemingly incon¬sistent with their attitudes. For instance, let us assume that Noah purchases a different brand .of shaving cream each time the brand he is using runs -low. Although his brand-switching behavior may seem to reflect a negative attitude or dissatisfaction with the brands he tries, it actually may be influenced by a specific situation for exam¬ple, if his wish is to economize, he will buy whatever is the least expensive brand.
The opposite can also be true. If Paul rents a car from Value each time he goes out of town on business, we may erroneously infer that he has a particularly favorable attitude toward Value. On the contrary, Paul may find Value car rental to be “just okay” (because more often than not they are inconveniently located away from the airport). However, since he owns his own business and travels at his own expense; he may feel that Value is “good enough,” given that he may be paying a little less than he would be paying if he rented from one of the major business-oriented car rental companies located at the airport.
Indeed, individuals can have a variety of attitudes toward a particular behavior, each corresponding to a particular situation. Stan may feel it is all right to eat lunch at McDonald’s but does not consider it appropriate for dinner. In this case, McDon¬ald’s has its “time and place,” which functions as a boundary delineating the situations when Stan considers McDonald’s acceptable. However, if Stan is coming home late from school one night, feels exhausted and hungry, and spots a McDonald’s, he may decide to just have “dinner” there. Why? Because it is late, he is tired and hungry, and McDonald’s is convenient. Has he changed his attitude? Probably not.
It is important to understand how consumer attitudes vary from situation to sit¬uation. For instance, it is useful to know whether consumer preferences for different burger chains (for instance, Burger King, McDonald’s, or Wendy’s) vary in terms of eating situations (that is, lunch or snack, evening meal when rushed for time, or evening meal with family when not rushed for time). Consumer preferences for the various burger restaurants might depend on the anticipated eating situation. Wendy’s, for example, might be favored by some consumers as a good place to have dinner with their families. This suggests that its management might position Wendy’s restaurants as a nice place to take the family for a leisurely (and inexpensive) dinner.
Clearly, when measuring attitudes, it is important to consider the situation in which the behavior takes place, or we can misinterpret the relationship between attitudes and behavior. Table 8-1 presents some additional examples of how specific situations might influence consumer attitudes toward specific brands of products or services.

A. Background
Midwifery in general meaning the study of human birth from the womb until birth. Meanwhile, the science Melwifery is formed from a synthesis of various disciplines (multi-disciplined) is associated with obstetric services.
Midwifery services is the responsibility of the midwife profession practices aimed at improving maternal and child health.
Midwifery practice: providing services or midwifery care to clients.

B. Purpose
This task is made as the material to learn and that we know the history and development of midwifery services at home and abroad. In addition, to fulfill the task of terstuktur lecturer.

CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

A. The concept of midwifery
1. Meaning Midwifery
Ancient human birth is defined as the law of the greatest natural wonders. Nature’s natural desire precisely that provides for her needs. After further progress of obstetrics is the study of human birth, from the womb until birth.

Midwifery (Mildwifery)
Science is formed from a synthesis of various disciplines (Multi-discipline) related to midwifery services that include: medicine, nursing, social, behavioral, public health, culture, management (to provide counseling to mothers in the pre conception, pregnancy, childbirth , postpartum, newborn babies, which includes the detection of abnormal conditions in mother and child, carry out counseling and health education to individuals, families and communities).

2. Origin Midwifery
Derived from the Latin for Obstetric birthing woman who will always be accompanied and helped by another woman. Kemudain said obsto in use in various languages including: Greece called Obstetricius, namely Abatare French, the Dutch called Obstetrie, England called Obstertic, and others.

3. Midwifery Services (Midwifery Service)
The whole task is the responsibility of midwives in the practice of the profession kessehatan service system aimed at improving maternal and child health in order to achieve a quality family, happy and prosperous.

4. Midwifery Practice
Application of obstetrics in providing services or midwifery care to clients with midwifery management approach.
Obstetric Management
The approach used by midwives in applying the method of solving problems systematically.

5. Orphanage Midwifery
Application of functions and activities which are the responsibility of providing services to clients who have needs or problems in the health field. For example: the mother during pregnancy, during childbirth, childbirth, the baby after birth and family.

6. Midwifery philosophy

* Pancasila
* Men (men and women who get married have a family and have children).
* Midwives believe that every individual has the right to safe health services and satisfaction.
* Childbirth is a natural process, but if not properly managed will become abnormal.
* Every individual has the right to be healthy at birth, then every woman of childbearing age, pregnant women, childbirth, and the baby is entitled to a quality service.
* The experience of childbirth is a family developmental tasks requiring a preparatory period began naka step adolescence.
* Female reproductive health is influenced by maternal behavior, environment and health services.

7. The concept of Midwifery
Theories contain a reference to a thought or idea of midwifery which includes the following areas relating to midwives and midwifery which will provide a clarity that describe midwives as a profession.

8. Midwife The Special Characteristics
1. Historical development of education services and midwives.
2. Conceptual basics of midwifery.
3. Scientific trunk obstetrics.

B. History of Midwifery Services
I. In Indonesia
a. Development of Midwifery Services
From year to year through the development of midwifery services as follows:
1807: Health Services Aided By Shaman
1849: Opened Education Doctor And The creation Gatot Subroto Hospital
1851: Education midwife and healer
1852: formal midwife training
1953: Opened the course midwives (ktd) to improve midwifery services.
1957: Provision of services in health centers
1990. : Midwifery services provided equitably in accordance with the needs of the community
1992: direct presidential decision the cabinet that the need for trial assignment midwives to the villages.
1994. : A conference in Cairo that focuses on midwifery services are:

* Safe mother hood, newborn babies and abortion
* Family planning
* STDs (sexually transmitted diseases), including production equipment tract infection
Adolescent reproductive health *
* Reproductive Health in older people (pregnant women, birth mothers, mothers childbirth, and KB)

b. Midwifery Educational Development Service
• Formal Education
1851: Opened by Dr midwife education. Van Den Bosch, but did not last long because of lack of interest in and the regulation Pingit for indigenous women
1902: Opened for indigenous waita Military Hospital in Batavia
1903: Opened for women indo Makasar
1911-1912: Opened the education of nursing staff in hospitals who received a graduate of Batavia elementary school for 4 years for men and may continue further nursing education for 2 years
1914: Receiving first female students and then proceed to the midwife education for 2 years.
1935-1938: Opened MULO graduate education for 2 years, with it also opened a midwife education in other countries.
Graduates MULO (2 years) called the midwife class II
Graduates MULO (3 years) is called the field of class I
1950-1953: Opened education for high school graduates with 17-year age limit because many partus that need assistant midwives
1953: Opened additional courses for midwives in Yogyakarta 7-12 weeks
1954: Opened education teacher and nurse midwives dibandung
1957: KTB Yogyakarta in close
1960: KTB moved to Jakarta
1967: KTB Jakarta closed
1970: Receiving Nursing school graduates midwife education plus 2 years of SPLJK midwives (midwifery continuing education school)
1971: Institutions merged into the SGP with the participants midwives and nurses
1974: The government on 24 categories of SPR SPLJK and put together a PRS, midwife school is closed.
1976. : Opened okay from junior high school graduates, and then proceed to the basic midwifery but not long after the school was closed.
1974-1984: Indonesia does not produce but remain IBI and appropriately tuimbuh
1981: Opened the diploma I midwives to boost midwife services
1985: P2B midwife education program 1 (one) year to receive from the SPR and SPK
1989: Opened crash midwife education programs nationally. P2B A discharge a civil servant class II (two) and be prophetic in the village.
1993: Opened P2B B of nursing colleges for 1 (one) year for midwifery teachers. Together with B P2B opened P2B C. Opened in 11 (eleven) provinces receive junior graduates. But the result is a Scholarship for the village midwife is less, so just wanted to hit the target.
1995-1996: B P2B closed because not created as expected kompetesi
1996: Midwife PPT 3 (three) years extendable 3 (three) years
• Non-formal Education
1994-1995: Held trials DJJ midwife education in West Java, Central Java, East Java, such as open university Pusdiklat MOH coordinated.
1995-1996: Opened in 15 Provinces DJJ II.
1996-1997: Opened in 16 Provinces DJJ II
1997-1998: Opened in 26 Provinces DJJ II
1998-1999: Opened in 26 Provinces II DJJ DJJ participants in the recording consists of 6306 people but only 3439 people pass because the midwives were too underestimate the lesson.
2000-Sek: Opened D4 Midwife Educators program to meet the needs of educators at the Academy of midwifery.

Cooperation IBI and UGM Yogyakarta. Early April opened in Bandung (UNPAD) and North Sumatra (USU).
1994: Opened emergency service training of maternal and neonatal (Life Saving Skill) and DJJ in the coordination of the Directorate of Public Health.
1995: IBI cooperation with Mother Care, Hospital Midwives, health center for perperium training.
1996: IBI AIMF and cooperation with MOH. IBI, MOH and the AMCN POT Private Hospital. IBI 8 members sent to the American people to then take the midwives practice from province to province. Obstetric Academy stood in Jakarta and Yogyakarta.
1997: Training APN (Farm Labor Normal). Midwifery in Pontianak Academy opened in the building and called the Midwife PRS DEPKES Pontianak.
1998: Midwife mene
1999: P2B A closed.
2000: Opened APN training for students in the midwife
2001: It has been opened midwife educators to meet the Midwife educators working in the IBI-UGM UGM Yogyakarta.
2002: Beginning in April opened D4 Bandung and North Sumatra.

Current Midwife Education in Indonesia
Important factor in suppressing the maternal mortality rate and child health strategy was formed in 2010 Includes:
1. increased professionalism of health human resources,
2. Decentralization
3. Equitable health services
4. Assurance of public health services

According to the data in August 1999, midwives in Indonesia as many as 65,685 people in 27 local administrators in the province of IBI and IBI 318 branches. That amount each year will be reduced by 10% due to:
1. Age
2. Rather profession
3. Married
4. Pension
5. Died
So to overcome them, opened the midwife education D-3, with participants consisted of graduate midwives D-1 and SMU. With all that, expect a healthy Indonesia 2010 program can be achieved.

B. Outside State
In America, there has been a tradition to provide midwifery care to pregnant women. In the first 250 years, the American form of Kolonia.

According to Thomas
The first time the practice is Samuel Kuller and his wife in 1634. The second is Anne Hurctinson, a midwife with her husband. First he helped his friend who gave birth Magdayer Bernam unencepalus (no skulls), no business. The baby could not survive long. Communities then denounced and expelled moved Anne Long Island (Pelham New York). There he had been murdered, and to remember him was made Hurctinson street in New York.

Which Characters Celebrities
1. Dr. Sippen William (1736-1808)
People Nationality Philadelphia, studied in Europe for 3 (three) years to William Smili studied. Year 1762 established midwifery courses in Philadelphia until the year 1810 received the title “POF. Anatomy Surgery and Midwifery “.
2. Dr. Thomas Chalkey James
received the title of “Professor. Midwifery “. The first time you run out to the mother partus artificial narrow pelvis (partus spontaneous).
3. Dr. Bat Samuel (1742-1821)
studied in Europe (Edenburg). In the year 1768 returned to America in the age of 26 years. People who advocate promatermity hospital (hospital care for women who give birth and require further treatment) with Dr. Ballentine.

Figures Midwifery or author
1. Dacruz (1967)
Skills in helping the birth process hereditary obtained by young mothers who have menilah and delivery. Bad one-third have been made by 16 women.
2. Kirzinger (1988)
Midwives are expected to be a doctor. Namely gender equal partnership that can be exchanged like functions, roles, and responsibilities.
3. Witz (1992)

Midwifery Institute was founded with the still little competition.
History of Midwifery Education
1. Greece
Hipocratus (450-370SM) father of medicine and treatment.
Basics of care and treatment findings are still used today, he is also interested in midwifery and helped encourage women in labor on the basis of humanitarian and Roman Greece is the country that treat women more adhulu childbed.
2. Italian
Soramus (98-138M) Mr. Midwifery
Derived from Ephesus, Turkey studying in Alexandria, Egypt, and practice in Rome. Midwives are doing their own science and away from the birth ketakhayulan. The first person to find out version (rotate the baby in the womb). Soranus died after being succeeded by his disciple, who wrote the book Moscion lessons for midwives (Kateksimus for midwives). After the Moscion, a dark era for midwifery. In the 11th abd before treatment progress. Italian professor who is credited with many of Vesalvius, Febicus, Eostacius, Follopius.
3. Canada
In Canada it is difficult to find a midwife midwives didapar energy from outside. Done by a nurse midwifery (Maternity Nursing) and do not get a license to practice. In 1991, the midwife began to be recognized existence. Midwife education in Ontario for 3 years and adjustments for 1 year to get a license to practice midwives.
4. France
After midwifery known, noble lady always call the doctor and the midwife during childbirth and then imitated by all people.
5. Denmark
1973 developed guidelines for midwives to mengelompokan high-risk patients.
6. Dutch

Education are separated by a nurse midwife, so their abilities and skills and different tasks. Main tasks midwives in the Netherlands:
a. handling cases of physiological (normal case)
b. refers to the abnormal situation obstetrician like a big baby, breech, and others this year set 1970 PP Netherlands

CHAPTER III
CLOSING

A. Conclusion
History of gynecological health development was first discovered in Greece by Hippocrates (460-370 BC) and in Ephesus / Turkey by Soramus (98-138 AD), then in Italy (after age moscion) after it in French.
Before the existence of many community midwifery services assisted by the shaman to help labor. Many children and women died because of lack of knowledge of the herbalist to overcome the circumstances very difficult such as bleeding, breech babies, and so on.
Therefore, the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI) improve maternal health and child mortality in order to push the baby and mother.
It is expected that the midwives could become a professional bian and know-how to deal with car problems in obstetrics. The midwife must provide services and care for pregnant mothers who had given birth and so the mother feels comfortable and safe when assisted by a midwife.

Prevention
During pregnancy
Because anemia predisposing to infection childbirth, should strive to fix them. Nutrition situation is also an important factor; therefore, a good diet must be considered.
Coitus in late pregnancy should be banned because it can lead to rupture and infection.

During labor
Prevention efforts consist of as much as possible to limit the entry of bacteria in the birth canal, so that labor does not maintain a protracted, finish delivery with little trauma as possible, and prevent the occurrence of bleeding a lot. Similarly, all staff in the delivery room to hold my nose and mouth with a mask; who suffer from respiratory infections are not allowed into the delivery room; the tools, fabrics should be used in a sterile delivery. Examination should only be done if necessary, indications for surgery and gynecological conditions must be obeyed. Furthermore, the occurrence of bleeding should be prevented whenever possible and should be given blood transfusions as needed.

During childbirth
After partus are injured in several places in the birth canal. In the first days postpartum should be maintained so that these wounds do not enter the germs from the outside. Therefore, all the tools and fabrics associated with the genital area should be disinfected.

Visitors from outside should be on the first day is limited as much as possible.
Each patient with signs of infection should not be treated childbirth along with the women in a healthy childbirth.

Medical
Antibiotic holds a very important role in the treatment of childbirth. Of course the type of antibiotic is the best that has real benefits to the germs that cause infections childbirth. In connection with that, should the decision to give antibiotics, before therapy is begun breeding vagina and cervix sap – if necessary also from the blood and then carried out tests to determine sensitivity to antibiotics where germs are concerned sensitive. Because these tests require time, then the treatment should begin without waiting for the results. In the case of noodles can be given in high doses penicilin or broad-spectrum antibiotics (broad spectrum antibiotics), such as ampicillin, and others. After breeding results and sensitivity tests are known, can be the most appropriate treatment. The combination tetracyclin and penicillin G iv in high doses is very effective against infections childbirth, while in Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology FKUI / RSCM used sulbenicillin or garamicin or a combination of penicillin G with chloramphenicol with satisfactory results.

In addition to treatment with antibiotics, measures to treat high endurance body still needs to be done. Perwatan both very important, food that contains substances needed should be given in a way that matches the state of the patient, and if necessary blood transfusions performed.

In sellulitis pelvika and pelvioperitonitis need diamat carefully observe whether there is an abscess or not. If there is an abscess, the abscess must be opened to keep the pus does not enter into the peritoneal cavity and blood vessels rather large not to hurt.